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2025 WAEC GCE Geography (Obj/Essay) Answers | 3rd Dec

September 7, 2025

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Get Free 2025 WAEC GCE Geography (Obj/Essay) Questions and Answers for Private Candidates (Jan/Feb 1st Series and Nov/Dec 2nd Series). Access the complete WAEC GCE 2025 Geography Objective (OBJ) and Essay Questions and Answers free of charge, and download the free WAEC Geography syllabus in PDF.

The West African Examinations Council (WAEC) has provided helpful materials on Geography to help you prepare for the final exams, which will take place on Wednesday, 3rd December, 2025. The exams will consist of Geography 2 (Essay) and Geography 1 (Objective). These resources are designed to guide you on what is expected and how to perform your best in the Senior School Certificate Examination (SSCE).

2025 WAEC GCE Geography (Obj/Essay) Questions and Answers

WAEC 2025 GCE Geography Questions and Answers – Time/Date:

Subject Exam Type Time Duration
Geography 2 Essay 08:30 – 10:30 2 hrs
Geography 1 Objective 10:30 – 11:30 1 hr

WAEC GCE 2025 Geography Theory (ESSAY) Questions and Answers:

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WAEC GCE 2025 Geography (OBJ) Objective Questions and Answers:

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WAEC GCE Geography Paper 2 – Nov/Dec 2015 (Question 1)

Question:
Give an account of the trade between your country and Great Britain under the following headings:

  1. Factors which favour the trade

  2. Commodities involved

  3. Problems being encountered

1. Factors that Favour Trade Between Nigeria and Great Britain

Several natural, economic, and historical factors support the trade relationship between Nigeria and Great Britain. These include:

  • Differences in agricultural products (e.g., crops grown in Nigeria vs. those in Britain).

  • Differences in industrial products (Nigeria imports machinery and exports raw materials).

  • Climatic differences that allow for exchange of goods produced under varying weather conditions.

  • Variations in soil fertility, making some crops more abundant in Nigeria than Britain.

  • Natural resource endowment (e.g., oil in Nigeria, manufactured goods in Britain).

  • Demand for goods and services in both countries.

  • The need for foreign exchange earnings.

  • Advanced technology in Britain compared to Nigeria.

  • Colonial ties that established early trade links.

  • Comparative cost advantage in production.

  • Differences in the prices of goods.

  • Favourable import duties on some products.

2. Commodities Involved in the Trade

Trade between Nigeria and Great Britain involves a mix of agricultural, mineral, and manufactured goods.

Nigeria exports to Britain:

  • Crude oil and petroleum products

  • Cocoa, rubber, palm oil, and groundnuts

  • Solid minerals (tin, limestone, etc.)

  • Agricultural raw materials

Nigeria imports from Britain:

  • Industrial machinery and spare parts

  • Motor vehicles and aircraft equipment

  • Pharmaceuticals and medical supplies

  • Electronics and household equipment

  • Processed food and beverages

3. Problems Encountered in the Trade

Despite the long-standing trade ties, several challenges affect smooth trade between Nigeria and Great Britain:

  • Inadequate production of goods for export.

  • Low demand for some Nigerian products.

  • High tariffs imposed on goods.

  • Shortage of foreign exchange.

  • Low technological capacity in Nigeria.

  • Unstable government policies affecting trade.

  • Insufficient capital for industrial growth.

  • Mismanagement and corruption.

  • Political instability in Nigeria.

  • Port congestion leading to delays.

  • High transport and shipping costs.

  • Fluctuating exchange rates.

  • Low domestic savings for investment.

Observation from WAEC Examiners

Below is a summary of the examiner’s report on candidates’ performance:

S/N Observation
1 The question was very popular among candidates.
2 Overall performance was only average.
3 Many candidates could not clearly outline the factors that favour trade between Nigeria and Great Britain.
4 Most candidates were able to name the commodities involved in the trade.
5 A large proportion of candidates could not highlight the major problems affecting trade between the two countries.

WAEC GCE Geography Paper 2 – Nov/Dec 2015 (Question 2)

Question:

  1. Define the following terms associated with migration:

    • Pull factors

    • Push factors

  2. Outline four factors that promote the growth of urban centres.

  3. Explain four problems associated with rapid urban growth.

1. Definition of Terms

  • Pull Factors: These are the attractive features or opportunities in a destination area that encourage people to migrate there. Examples include job opportunities, better education, improved health care, security, good housing, and availability of social amenities.

  • Push Factors: These are the negative conditions in a source region that compel people to move out. Examples include natural disasters, famine, poverty, unemployment, political instability, and insecurity.

2. Factors that Promote the Growth of Urban Centres

Several factors encourage the expansion of urban centres. Four of them include:

  1. Employment Opportunities: Industrialization and commercial activities attract people seeking jobs.

  2. Educational Facilities: Universities, colleges, and vocational centres draw students and staff to cities.

  3. Social and Infrastructural Amenities: Availability of good roads, electricity, health facilities, and recreational centres supports urban growth.

  4. Administrative and Political Functions: Capital cities and regional headquarters attract population due to government offices and political activities.

3. Problems Associated with Rapid Urban Growth

Rapid growth of cities often creates serious challenges. Four key problems include:

  1. Overcrowding: High population density leads to congestion in housing and public spaces.

  2. Unemployment: Influx of migrants increases job competition, leaving many unemployed.

  3. Inadequate Social Amenities: Pressure on existing facilities results in shortages of water, electricity, schools, and hospitals.

  4. Environmental Issues: Poor waste disposal, pollution, and slum development affect urban health and living conditions.

Observation from WAEC Examiners

S/N Observation
1 The question was popular among candidates.
2 Many candidates performed well in parts (b) and (c).
3 Most candidates struggled with part (a), as they could not define pull and push factors satisfactorily.

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WAEC GCE Geography Practical Past Question and Answer

Question 3

  1. Explain three reasons for the production of consumer goods by most manufacturing industries in Tropical African countries.

  2. What four problems are associated with manufacturing industries in Tropical Africa?

  3. Suggest a possible solution each to any three of the problems identified in (2) above.

Answers

1. Reasons for the production of consumer goods in Tropical Africa
Most industries in Tropical Africa focus on consumer goods such as textiles, food items, soaps, and beverages. The reasons include:

  • Need to conserve foreign exchange: Producing goods locally helps reduce import bills.

  • Availability of raw materials: Resources like cocoa, cotton, palm oil, and hides are available and support local industries.

  • High demand from population: Food, clothing, and household items are in constant demand.

  • Less capital required: Consumer goods production is less capital-intensive compared to heavy industries.

  • Import substitution: Local industries reduce reliance on imports.

  • Skilled and semi-skilled labour available: Local workers can handle the production of consumer goods.

2. Problems associated with manufacturing industries in Tropical Africa

  • Unstable electricity and poor power supply.

  • Inadequate capital for investment and expansion.

  • Low level of technology and outdated machinery.

  • Poor transport infrastructure, including bad roads and limited railways.

  • Strong competition from foreign goods.

  • Political instability and frequent policy changes.

  • Small market size due to poverty and unemployment in many countries.

3. Solutions to the problems

  • To poor power supply: Invest in renewable and reliable energy like hydro, wind, and solar.

  • To inadequate capital: Provide soft loans, industrial banks, and encourage public–private partnerships.

  • To low technology: Encourage technology transfer, modernize machinery, and train local technicians.

  • To poor transport: Expand and modernize roads, railways, and seaports for easy movement of goods.

  • To foreign competition: Support local industries through tariffs and awareness campaigns promoting made-in-Africa goods.

  • To political instability: Promote peace, good governance, and consistent industrial policies.

  • To low purchasing power: Improve wages, create more jobs, and reduce poverty.

Observation

Aspect of Question Candidate Performance Key Issue Identified
Reasons for production of consumer goods Weak Many candidates could not explain the reasons properly and mixed up their points.
Problems of manufacturing industries Fairly good Candidates identified challenges like poor power supply and lack of capital.
Solutions to problems Good Most candidates suggested practical solutions to the identified problems.

WAEC GCE Geography Past Question and Answer

Question 4

  1. Draw a sketch map of Nigeria. On the map, locate and name:

    • Two areas of high population density

    • Two towns in the areas shown above

  2. Identify four reasons for the high population density in any of the towns.

  3. Outline two problems of high population density in Nigeria.

Answers

1. Sketch Map of Nigeria
(In an exam setting, candidates are expected to draw a simple outline map of Nigeria. The map should clearly show areas of high population density such as Lagos and Kano States, as well as towns like Lagos, Ibadan, Kano, and Onitsha.)

2. Reasons for high population density in Nigerian towns

  • Favourable climate: Areas with moderate rainfall and good weather support farming and settlement.

  • Industrial and commercial activities: Availability of factories, markets, and trading centers attract people.

  • Historical and administrative importance: Towns like Lagos, Kano, and Ibadan have historical significance and serve as administrative headquarters.

  • Fertile soil and agriculture: Regions with rich soils encourage intensive farming, supporting large populations.

  • Presence of social amenities: Hospitals, schools, and electricity attract people to settle.

  • Good transport network: Ports, airports, and road systems encourage settlement.

3. Problems of high population density in Nigeria

  • Pressure on natural resources: Overuse of land, water, and forests.

  • Unemployment and underemployment: Many people compete for limited job opportunities.

  • Housing problems: Shortage of accommodation leads to overcrowding and slums.

  • Traffic congestion: Overpopulated cities experience heavy traffic daily.

  • Spread of diseases: High population density makes it easier for diseases to spread.

  • High cost of living: Prices of food, housing, and services rise due to high demand.

Observation

Aspect of Question Candidate Performance Key Issue Identified
Map sketch of Nigeria with towns Poor Most candidates could not draw or label maps correctly.
Reasons for high population density Good Many correctly mentioned climate, industry, and social amenities.
Problems of high population density Good Candidates listed issues such as unemployment, housing shortage, and traffic congestion.

WAEC GCE Geography Past Question and Answer

Question 5

  1. Draw a sketch map of Nigeria. On the map, locate and name:

    • Two different areas of importance for local craft industries.

    • One town in any of the identified areas.

  2. Outline four characteristics of local craft industries in Nigeria.

  3. Explain three problems that confront local craft industries in Nigeria.

Answers

1. Sketch Map of Nigeria
(In the exam, candidates are required to draw a simple sketch map of Nigeria. On the map, areas such as Bida, Kano, Oyo, Benin, and Sokoto should be shown as important centers of local craft industries. For example, Bida is well known for brass work, Kano for leather works, and Oyo for tie-and-dye.)

2. Characteristics of Local Craft Industries in Nigeria

  • Use of local raw materials: Raw inputs like clay, leather, raffia, and wood are obtained locally.

  • Simple tools: Craftsmen often use hand tools and traditional equipment.

  • Small-scale production: Products are mainly for local use and community markets.

  • Family-based labor: Most workers are family members, not large hired groups.

  • Traditional methods: Skills are passed down from generation to generation.

  • Limited space: Production takes place in homes, workshops, or open spaces.

  • Negotiable pricing: Products are often sold with flexible prices.

  • Artistic designs: Items are unique, cultural, and highly decorative.

3. Problems Facing Local Craft Industries in Nigeria

  • Shortage of raw materials: Scarcity of clay, raffia, wood, and hides reduces production.

  • Inadequate capital: Craftsmen lack funds to expand or modernize their work.

  • Low youth participation: Many young people prefer white-collar jobs over crafts.

  • Competition from foreign goods: Imported substitutes attract buyers away from local products.

  • Poor transport facilities: Difficulty in moving goods limits market reach.

  • Low government support: Minimal funding, training, or promotion from authorities.

  • Limited production and research: Crafts remain small-scale with little innovation.

Observation

Aspect of Question Candidate Performance Key Issue Identified
Map sketch of Nigeria with craft centers Poor Many candidates could not identify or label important craft areas correctly.
Characteristics of local craft industries Fair Some answers were listed, but few explained in detail to score full marks.
Problems of local craft industries Fair Many candidates mentioned issues like raw materials and capital but failed to expand on them.

WAEC GCE Geography Past Question and Answer

Question 6

  1. Draw a sketch map of Nigeria. On the map, locate and name one area noted for the cultivation of:

    • Cocoa

    • Groundnut

    • Millet

    • One town in each of the areas identified above.

  2. Outline three problems of food crop cultivation in the savanna zone of Nigeria.

  3. In what two ways has cash crop production contributed to the economy of Nigeria?

Answers

1. Sketch Map of Nigeria
(In the exam, candidates are expected to draw a simple sketch map of Nigeria. Important areas to label include:)

  • Cocoa – Southwest (e.g., Ibadan or Ile-Ife in Oyo/Osun State).

  • Groundnut – Northern Nigeria (e.g., Kano).

  • Millet – Northern zone (e.g., Sokoto).

2. Problems of Food Crop Cultivation in the Savanna Zone

  • Unreliable rainfall: Irregular patterns often lead to drought and low yields.

  • Poor soil fertility: Continuous farming without replenishment reduces productivity.

  • Pest and disease attacks: Locusts, insects, and crop diseases reduce harvests.

  • Inadequate modern tools: Many farmers still depend on hoes and cutlasses.

  • Poor storage facilities: Leads to post-harvest losses.

3. Contributions of Cash Crop Production to Nigeria’s Economy

  • Foreign exchange earnings: Export of cocoa, groundnut, palm produce, and cotton generates revenue.

  • Employment opportunities: Provides jobs for farmers, traders, and transporters.

  • Industrial growth: Supplies raw materials for industries (e.g., cocoa for beverages, cotton for textiles).

  • Revenue for government: Taxes and levies on export crops support national development.

  • Rural development: Farming activities open up rural areas through road and market construction.

Observation

Aspect of Question Candidate Performance Key Issue Identified
Sketch map of Nigeria with crop areas Poor Many candidates struggled to draw accurate maps or correctly locate crop regions.
Problems of food crop cultivation in savanna Fair Most candidates listed relevant points but some did not explain in detail.
Contributions of cash crops to Nigeria’s economy Good Candidates provided valid points but many only listed without proper explanation.

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